AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 003089

Can Peto’s paradox be used as the null hypothesis to identify the role of evolution in natural resistance to cancer? A critical review

Identifieur interne : 003089 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003088; suivant : 003090

Can Peto’s paradox be used as the null hypothesis to identify the role of evolution in natural resistance to cancer? A critical review

Auteurs : Hugo Ducasse [France] ; Beata Ujvari ; Eric Solary [France] ; Marion Vittecoq [France] ; Audrey Arnal [France] ; Florence Bernex [France] ; Nelly Pirot [France] ; Dorothée Misse [France] ; François Bonhomme [France] ; François Renaud [France] ; Frédéric Thomas [France] ; Benjamin Roche [France]

Source :

BMC Cancer [ 1471-2407 ] ; 2015.

RBID : PMC:4619987

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Animaux, Carcinogenèse (anatomopathologie), Carcinogenèse (génétique), Carcinogenèse (immunologie), Humains, Immunité innée (immunologie), Spécificité d'espèce, Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (anatomopathologie), Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (génétique), Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (immunologie), Tumeurs (anatomopathologie), Tumeurs (génétique), Tumeurs (immunologie), Évolution biologique.
MESH :
- anatomopathologie : Carcinogenèse, Transformation cellulaire néoplasique, Tumeurs.
- génétique : Carcinogenèse, Transformation cellulaire néoplasique, Tumeurs.
- immunologie : Carcinogenèse, Immunité innée, Transformation cellulaire néoplasique, Tumeurs.
- Animaux, Humains, Spécificité d'espèce, Évolution biologique.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Carcinogenesis (genetics), Carcinogenesis (immunology), Carcinogenesis (pathology), Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (genetics), Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (immunology), Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (pathology), Humans, Immunity, Innate (immunology), Neoplasms (genetics), Neoplasms (immunology), Neoplasms (pathology), Species Specificity.
MESH :
- genetics : Carcinogenesis, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Neoplasms.
- immunology : Carcinogenesis, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Immunity, Innate, Neoplasms.
- pathology : Carcinogenesis, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Neoplasms.
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Humans, Species Specificity.

Abstract

Background

Carcinogenesis affects not only humans but almost all metazoan species. Understanding the rules driving the occurrence of cancers in the wild is currently expected to provide crucial insights into identifying how some species may have evolved efficient cancer resistance mechanisms. Recently the absence of correlation across species between cancer prevalence and body size (coined as Peto’s paradox) has attracted a lot of attention. Indeed, the disparity between this null hypothesis, where every cell is assumed to have an identical probability to undergo malignant transformation, and empirical observations is particularly important to understand, due to the fact that it could facilitate the identification of animal species that are more resistant to carcinogenesis than expected. Moreover it would open up ways to identify the selective pressures that may be involved in cancer resistance. However, Peto’s paradox relies on several questionable assumptions, complicating the interpretation of the divergence between expected and observed cancer incidences.

Discussions

Here we review and challenge the different hypotheses on which this paradox relies on with the aim of identifying how this null hypothesis could be better estimated in order to provide a standard protocol to study the deviation between theoretical/theoretically predicted and observed cancer incidence. We show that due to the disproportion and restricted nature of available data on animal cancers, applying Peto’s hypotheses at species level could result in erroneous conclusions, and actually assume the existence of a paradox. Instead of using species level comparisons, we propose an organ level approach to be a more accurate test of Peto’s assumptions.

Summary

The accuracy of Peto’s paradox assumptions are rarely valid and/or quantifiable, suggesting the need to reconsider the use of Peto’s paradox as a null hypothesis in identifying the influence of natural selection on cancer resistance mechanisms.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619987

DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1782-z
PubMed: 26499116
PubMed Central: 4619987

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ujvari, Beata" sort="Ujvari, Beata" uniqKey="Ujvari B" first="Beata" last="Ujvari">Beata Ujvari</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic Australia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Vic Australia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Solary, Eric" sort="Solary, Eric" uniqKey="Solary E" first="Eric" last="Solary">Eric Solary</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">INSERM U1009, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>INSERM U1009, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université Paris-Sud</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Orsay</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vittecoq, Marion" sort="Vittecoq, Marion" uniqKey="Vittecoq M" first="Marion" last="Vittecoq">Marion Vittecoq</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc 13200 Arles, France</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc 13200 Arles</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arnal, Audrey" sort="Arnal, Audrey" uniqKey="Arnal A" first="Audrey" last="Arnal">Audrey Arnal</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernex, Florence" sort="Bernex, Florence" uniqKey="Bernex F" first="Florence" last="Bernex">Florence Bernex</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">RHEM, Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194 Montpellier France, Montpellier, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>RHEM, Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194 Montpellier France, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">ICM, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires, Montpellier, 34298 France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pirot, Nelly" sort="Pirot, Nelly" uniqKey="Pirot N" first="Nelly" last="Pirot">Nelly Pirot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34090 Montpellier</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">RHEM, Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194 Montpellier France, Montpellier, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>RHEM, Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194 Montpellier France, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">ICM, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires, Montpellier, 34298 France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ICM, 208 Avenue des Apothicaires, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Misse, Dorothee" sort="Misse, Dorothee" uniqKey="Misse D" first="Dorothée" last="Misse">Dorothée Misse</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonhomme, Francois" sort="Bonhomme, Francois" uniqKey="Bonhomme F" first="François" last="Bonhomme">François Bonhomme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">ISEM, UMR CNRS/IRD/EPHE/UM 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095 France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>ISEM, UMR CNRS/IRD/EPHE/UM 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renaud, Francois" sort="Renaud, Francois" uniqKey="Renaud F" first="François" last="Renaud">François Renaud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, Frederic" sort="Thomas, Frederic" uniqKey="Thomas F" first="Frédéric" last="Thomas">Frédéric Thomas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roche, Benjamin" sort="Roche, Benjamin" uniqKey="Roche B" first="Benjamin" last="Roche">Benjamin Roche</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">UMMISCO, UMI IRD/UPMC, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>UMMISCO, UMI IRD/UPMC, 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Bondy</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Cancer</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2407</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Biological Evolution</term>
<term>Carcinogenesis (genetics)</term>
<term>Carcinogenesis (immunology)</term>
<term>Carcinogenesis (pathology)</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (genetics)</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (immunology)</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic (pathology)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate (immunology)</term>
<term>Neoplasms (genetics)</term>
<term>Neoplasms (immunology)</term>
<term>Neoplasms (pathology)</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Carcinogenèse (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Carcinogenèse (génétique)</term>
<term>Carcinogenèse (immunologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Immunité innée (immunologie)</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (génétique)</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique (immunologie)</term>
<term>Tumeurs (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Tumeurs (génétique)</term>
<term>Tumeurs (immunologie)</term>
<term>Évolution biologique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Carcinogenèse</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique</term>
<term>Tumeurs</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Carcinogenesis</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic</term>
<term>Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Carcinogenèse</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique</term>
<term>Tumeurs</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Carcinogenèse</term>
<term>Immunité innée</term>
<term>Transformation cellulaire néoplasique</term>
<term>Tumeurs</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Carcinogenesis</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate</term>
<term>Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Carcinogenesis</term>
<term>Cell Transformation, Neoplastic</term>
<term>Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Biological Evolution</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Évolution biologique</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Carcinogenesis affects not only humans but almost all metazoan species. Understanding the rules driving the occurrence of cancers in the wild is currently expected to provide crucial insights into identifying how some species may have evolved efficient cancer resistance mechanisms. Recently the absence of correlation across species between cancer prevalence and body size (coined as Peto’s paradox) has attracted a lot of attention. Indeed, the disparity between this null hypothesis, where every cell is assumed to have an identical probability to undergo malignant transformation, and empirical observations is particularly important to understand, due to the fact that it could facilitate the identification of animal species that are more resistant to carcinogenesis than expected. Moreover it would open up ways to identify the selective pressures that may be involved in cancer resistance. However, Peto’s paradox relies on several questionable assumptions, complicating the interpretation of the divergence between expected and observed cancer incidences.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Discussions</title>
<p>Here we review and challenge the different hypotheses on which this paradox relies on with the aim of identifying how this null hypothesis could be better estimated in order to provide a standard protocol to study the deviation between theoretical/theoretically predicted and observed cancer incidence. We show that due to the disproportion and restricted nature of available data on animal cancers, applying Peto’s hypotheses at species level could result in erroneous conclusions, and actually assume the existence of a paradox. Instead of using species level comparisons, we propose an organ level approach to be a more accurate test of Peto’s assumptions.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Summary</title>
<p>The accuracy of Peto’s paradox assumptions are rarely valid and/or quantifiable, suggesting the need to reconsider the use of Peto’s paradox as a null hypothesis in identifying the influence of natural selection on cancer resistance mechanisms.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bissell, M" uniqKey="Bissell M">M Bissell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hines, W" uniqKey="Hines W">W Hines</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Degregori, J" uniqKey="Degregori J">J DeGregori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caulin, Af" uniqKey="Caulin A">AF Caulin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maley, Cc" uniqKey="Maley C">CC Maley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galis, F" uniqKey="Galis F">F Galis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metz, Jaj" uniqKey="Metz J">JAJ Metz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leroi, Am" uniqKey="Leroi A">AM Leroi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koufopanou, V" uniqKey="Koufopanou V">V Koufopanou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burt, A" uniqKey="Burt A">A Burt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Squires, D" uniqKey="Squires D">D Squires</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gunnell, D" uniqKey="Gunnell D">D Gunnell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Gd" uniqKey="Smith G">GD Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holly, J" uniqKey="Holly J">J Holly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frankel, S" uniqKey="Frankel S">S Frankel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seluanov, A" uniqKey="Seluanov A">A Seluanov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hine, C" uniqKey="Hine C">C Hine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bozzella, M" uniqKey="Bozzella M">M Bozzella</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andervont, Hb" uniqKey="Andervont H">HB Andervont</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dunn, Tb" uniqKey="Dunn T">TB Dunn</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roche, B" uniqKey="Roche B">B Roche</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sprouffske, K" uniqKey="Sprouffske K">K Sprouffske</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hbid, H" uniqKey="Hbid H">H Hbid</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Misse, D" uniqKey="Misse D">D Missé</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, F" uniqKey="Thomas F">F Thomas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peto, R" uniqKey="Peto R">R Peto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roe, Fj" uniqKey="Roe F">FJ Roe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Pn" uniqKey="Lee P">PN Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levy, L" uniqKey="Levy L">L Levy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clack, J" uniqKey="Clack J">J Clack</name>
</author>
</analytic>
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<name sortKey="Bonhomme, Francois" sort="Bonhomme, Francois" uniqKey="Bonhomme F" first="François" last="Bonhomme">François Bonhomme</name>
<name sortKey="Ducasse, Hugo" sort="Ducasse, Hugo" uniqKey="Ducasse H" first="Hugo" last="Ducasse">Hugo Ducasse</name>
<name sortKey="Ducasse, Hugo" sort="Ducasse, Hugo" uniqKey="Ducasse H" first="Hugo" last="Ducasse">Hugo Ducasse</name>
<name sortKey="Misse, Dorothee" sort="Misse, Dorothee" uniqKey="Misse D" first="Dorothée" last="Misse">Dorothée Misse</name>
<name sortKey="Misse, Dorothee" sort="Misse, Dorothee" uniqKey="Misse D" first="Dorothée" last="Misse">Dorothée Misse</name>
<name sortKey="Pirot, Nelly" sort="Pirot, Nelly" uniqKey="Pirot N" first="Nelly" last="Pirot">Nelly Pirot</name>
<name sortKey="Pirot, Nelly" sort="Pirot, Nelly" uniqKey="Pirot N" first="Nelly" last="Pirot">Nelly Pirot</name>
<name sortKey="Pirot, Nelly" sort="Pirot, Nelly" uniqKey="Pirot N" first="Nelly" last="Pirot">Nelly Pirot</name>
<name sortKey="Pirot, Nelly" sort="Pirot, Nelly" uniqKey="Pirot N" first="Nelly" last="Pirot">Nelly Pirot</name>
<name sortKey="Renaud, Francois" sort="Renaud, Francois" uniqKey="Renaud F" first="François" last="Renaud">François Renaud</name>
<name sortKey="Renaud, Francois" sort="Renaud, Francois" uniqKey="Renaud F" first="François" last="Renaud">François Renaud</name>
<name sortKey="Roche, Benjamin" sort="Roche, Benjamin" uniqKey="Roche B" first="Benjamin" last="Roche">Benjamin Roche</name>
<name sortKey="Roche, Benjamin" sort="Roche, Benjamin" uniqKey="Roche B" first="Benjamin" last="Roche">Benjamin Roche</name>
<name sortKey="Roche, Benjamin" sort="Roche, Benjamin" uniqKey="Roche B" first="Benjamin" last="Roche">Benjamin Roche</name>
<name sortKey="Solary, Eric" sort="Solary, Eric" uniqKey="Solary E" first="Eric" last="Solary">Eric Solary</name>
<name sortKey="Thomas, Frederic" sort="Thomas, Frederic" uniqKey="Thomas F" first="Frédéric" last="Thomas">Frédéric Thomas</name>
<name sortKey="Thomas, Frederic" sort="Thomas, Frederic" uniqKey="Thomas F" first="Frédéric" last="Thomas">Frédéric Thomas</name>
<name sortKey="Vittecoq, Marion" sort="Vittecoq, Marion" uniqKey="Vittecoq M" first="Marion" last="Vittecoq">Marion Vittecoq</name>
<name sortKey="Vittecoq, Marion" sort="Vittecoq, Marion" uniqKey="Vittecoq M" first="Marion" last="Vittecoq">Marion Vittecoq</name>
<name sortKey="Vittecoq, Marion" sort="Vittecoq, Marion" uniqKey="Vittecoq M" first="Marion" last="Vittecoq">Marion Vittecoq</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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   |texte=   Can Peto’s paradox be used as the null hypothesis to identify the role of evolution in natural resistance to cancer? A critical review
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Can Peto’s paradox be used as the null hypothesis to identify the role of evolution in natural resistance to cancer? A critical review

Can Peto’s paradox be used as the null hypothesis to identify the role of evolution in natural resistance to cancer? A critical review

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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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